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**//Historical Moments in//** **//Nursing Research 1900-1950//** By: Angela Hyde, Nwada Oti, Stacey Williams, and Carol Zimmerman **__1900 The American Journal Nursing__** **[|Mary Adelaide Nutting]** helped establish the American Journal of Nursing in **1900**. The publication of this journal is a milestone in nursing research. In the 1930s, clinical case studies were published only on a limited basis. These studies were the first examples of practice-related nursing research. There are many world events and people that have influenced the nursing profession and nursing research. The **[|American Journal of Nursing]** has evolved just as nursing research and the nursing profession has evolved. Previously, the journal included announcements and editorials on controversial medical issues. Today, the American Journal of Nursing has an official **[|website]** and has grown to include more statistically significant research studies. **__1914 Philadelphia’s Black Belt Tuberculosis Campaign__** ** [|Tuburculosis or ‘consumption’] **plagued the black community at the turn of the century, despite the efforts of the Henry Phipps Institute (HPI) and the Whittier Centre. HPI was established in 1903 becoming a leading institution for prevention, treatment, and research of TB, along with proximity to the black community. Establishment of the Whittier Center in 1912 had the mission improving the social, health, and housing needs for the black community. Partnering, the two centers ventured to address TB in the black community of Philadelphia however despite their efforts the services remained underutilized. Hiring Elizabeth Tyler, a black clinician, changed the acceptance of using services provided by HPI and Whittier Centre. Elizabeth Tyler, graduate of Freedman’s Hospital training School, instructor for A&M college in Alabama, and postgraduate studies at Lincoln School for Nurses in New York City, was the first black public health nurse at the Henry Street Settlement in NY. After joining HPI, Tyler began visiting families in the ‘Black Belt’ of Philadelphia. With Tyler’s intervention, the number of black patient visits increased at HPI. Her efforts pointed to early detection as the best means of prevention. The home visits led to talks to larger audiences on sanitation, hygiene and TB prevention. Tyler’s actions assisted in research on TB in the black population as well as assisting them to achieve health (Carthon, 2011).

**__1918 Pandemic Influenza__** Pandemic influenza, even today it strikes some uneasiness in the minds of health care professionals. The influenza pandemic of **1918** with 40 million deaths, is termed the most devastating pandemic. The influenza termed the **[|Spanish influenza]** created strains on may healthcare systems recovering from the loss of staff to overseas from World War I. **[|Public health nursing]**assisted in various ways from organizing communities, educating volunteer workers, graduate nurses, and the general public. With the theory solidified by Lister and Pasteur about germ theory, the nurses manned campaigns against sneezing and coughing, requiring people to wear masks in public. The nurses used masks, long sleeves, and aprons teaching volunteer nurses. Screening for cases was a major aspect of infectious disease control. Therefore, nurses were monitoring subjective and objective data, keeping track of information. Some of the first elements of research as tracking data were performed by nurses, in addition to solidifying the need for public health nursing.

__**1922 Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing**__ The Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau, was founded by six nurses at Indiana University in **1922**. The founder’s vision included providing recognition for nurses and to help bring recognition to nursing as a science by providing support for learning, knowledge, and professional development of nurses over the entire world (Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 2011). In 1936, Sigma Theta Tau became the first organization in the United States to provide support for nursing research. In 1985, the organization became incorporated and became **[|Sigma Theta Tau International](**STTI), Inc. a not for profit organization. STTI has over 125, 000 active members in 86 countries. STTI acknowledges the importance of excellence in nursing practice. Today, STTI supports nursing concepts through professional development services in various areas. STTI produces an assortment of publications to support professional development of nurses. The organizational provides the Registry of Nursing Research online database in its **[|Virginia Henderson International Nursing Library]****.** The objective of the library is to advance the improvement, distribution, and the use of nursing research. STTI supports individuals conducting nursing research.



**__1923 The Goldmark Report__**  Initially, nurses received hands on training through an apprenticeship within hospita ls. In fact, it was difficult for graduating nurses to find employment in hospitals because nursing students provided care for the patients. In the 1870s, hospitals began to open nursing schools. By 1880, there were 15 schools and 323 students (Kalisch & Kalisch, 1995). Schools experienced explosive growth between 1880 and 1890. 20 years later, the number of schools increased to 432 and students to 11, 164 (Kalisch & Kalisch, 1995). In **1923**, the Committee for the Study of Nursing Education issued the **[|Goldmark Report]**, a research-based document that evaluated and identified inadequacies in the educational preparation of nurse educators, nurse administrators, public health nurses, and nursing students (Norwood, 2000). The Committee recommended that nursing schools train nurses independent of hospitals. Also, they were opposed to utilizing nursing students as an exploited source of labor. In addition, the Goldmark Report suggested that a Bachelor of Science Nursing degree (BSN) should be the entry level of education for registered nurses. Although many nurses today are associate degree RNs and there is still much debate over **[|BSN versus associate degree nurses],** the Goldmark Report should be credited for the development of educational standards. The Goldmark report was instrumental in the movement of nursing education into formal academic institutions as well as the increase in nurse educators receiving advanced education. The Goldmark Report used research to raise the bar for nursing education and advocated for financial support of university-based nursing schools. In addition, this document built a strong foundation for nursing research.

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">**__1925 Frontier Nursing Services__** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Whereas nursing research did not become established until after the 1950s, the premises for nursing research have been around since Florence Nightingale. Nurses from all ages have arisen to the occasion to further the care of their patients with the best care available. **[|Mary Breckenridge]** is one of the forward thinking nurses. In **1925** the developer of the Frontier Nursing Service, Mary Breckenridge realized the need for care in the poor rural areas of Kentucky. It was during World War I that Breckenridge realized the need for the skill of midwifery for the Frontier Nursing Service. With this knowledge, nurses were sent to England to receive training in midwifery. As the outbreak of World War II curtailed the education obtained in England, Breckenridge began the Frontier Graduate School of Midwifery to meet the need of the poorer rural underserved communities (Frontier Nursing Services).

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">**__1944 The Public Health Service Act__** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">The Public Health Service Act was passed in **1944** and allowed the appointment of qualified professional nurses as U.S. Public Health Service commissioned officers. In 1945, the first nurses received their commission and nursing was recognized by the Public Health Service as a profession. The process of the nursing field slowly progressed as a profession and has grown to make a major impact in society today. The ** [|Public Health Nursing Act], ** branches out to serve as an ally with other important corporations such as the CDC (Center for Disease Control), to strengthen public health awareness and preparedness (Richmond & Hostler 2010). This is a vital asset to the field of nursing science and research, as more funding is geared towards training our health care professionals and more advanced and quality of care is given.

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">__**The Importance of Nursing Research**__ media type="youtube" key="O-3kctDgIKg?feature=player_embedded" height="288" width="512" align="center"

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">**__1949 Publication of the Tyler Curriculum Model__** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">The publication of the Tyler Curriculum Model in **1949** gave nurse educators a framework for nurse education, which eventually replaced the earlier curriculum guides. The Tyler Model set standards in curriculum development. His curriculum was highly structured and emphasized measurable outcomes. The majority of nurse educators learned to be nurses from curricula created from Tyler’s model. Following Tyler’s development, a strong push was made for increasing nursing knowledge by performing nursing research. The standards of nursing curriculum influenced nursing educators to develop a science of nursing education (National League for Nursing, 2003). The science of nursing education documents the effectiveness and meaningfulness of the reformed efforts. Nursing education science creates a partnership between nursing education and nursing service. Nursing educators are encouraged to expand their evidence-based practices and reorganize the current schooling, teaching, and learning of nursing science. The Tyler model of nursing curriculum encouraged the collaborative efforts of nursing research by influencing the evidence-based approaches to nursing education.

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">**__1950 ANA established Code of Ethics__** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">The American Nurses Association is a professional organization to advance and protect the profession of nursing. ANA’s code of ethics developed in **1950**, outlines principles of professional nursing behavior. The code of ethics was developed to serve as a guide for nurses to provide quality of care and practicing in an ethical manner consistent for the profession. The code of ethics focuses on aspects such as respect, compassion, commitment to the patient, serving as an advocate, accountability, delegation, maintaining knowledge, and personal growth. The**[| Code of Ethics]** also serves as a framework for nurses to use in ethical analysis, decision-making, and responsibilities to patients in society (Lachman, 2009). The development of the Code of Ethics has really made an impact to nursing science and research in helping to serve as standards in improving the quality of care given to patients as more research is done to implement evidence-based practice into the field of nursing.

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">**//References://** <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Burns, M., Moore, P., & Breslin, E. (1996). Outcomes research: Contemporary issues and historical significance for nurse practitioners. //Journal of American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 8//, 107-112. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Hostler, A.,& Richmond, L. (2010).A Brief History and Overview of CDCs Centers for Public Health Preparedness Cooperative Agreement Program.//Public Health Reports//,//125//(5), 8-14.

<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Kalisch, P. A., & Kalisch, B. J. (1995). //The Advance of American Nursing.// Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.Lachman, V. (2009). Practical use of the nursing code of ethics: Part I. //Medsurg Nursing//, //18//(1), 55.

<span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Kolawole, B. (2010). Nursing and the 1918/1919 Spanish influenza pandemic. //Journal Of Community Nursing//, //24//(6), 30. Retrieved from EBSCOhost University of Phoenix Library. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Norwood, S. L. (2000). //Research Strategies for Advanced Practice Nurses.// New Jersey: Prentice Hall Health.

<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). //Nursing Research Principles and Methods.// Philadelphia: Lipppincott Williams & Wilkinson.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;"> Frontier Nursing Service. (n.d.). Retrieved from: [] <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">National League for Nursing. (2011). About the NLN. Retrieved from: [] <span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande",sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Nursing History Review, 2011, Vol. 19, p29-52, 24p, 3 Black and White Photographs, 1 GraphBlack and White Photograph; found on p40

<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Significant Nursing Studies. (2012). Retrieved from []

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;"> Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing. (2011). STTI Organizational Fact Sheet. Retrieved from: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">[]

<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">The American Journal of Nursing (AJN). (2012). Retrieved from []